Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
GRNTI 68.41 Ветеринария
We collected, analyzed, and summarized information on the optimal timing and methods of artificial insemination of dogs at present. Scientific articles published in the bibliographic databases such as e-library, Scopus, and ResearchGate were used for this review. It has been established that artificial insemination has significant advantages over natural insemination, including reliable long-term storage of sperm in cryobanks, the possibility of exporting and importing genetic material without transporting animals, and obtaining offspring from elite male producers from anywhere in the world, even after their death. The time of artificial insemination and natural mating is determined by the date of ovulation using direct (ultrasound visualization of the ovaries) or indirect methods (picture of vaginal smears, multiple measurements of blood progesterone concentration, etc.). In dogs, the egg cell ovulates immature at the stage of the oocyte of the first order. For this reason, it is recommended to inseminate them on the 2nd… 5th days after ovulation, when egg maturation ends in the fallopian tube - the formation of a second-order oocyte. For dog insemination, freshly obtained, diluted chilled, and cryopreserved sperm are used. When using freshly obtained and diluted cooled sperm, the method of choice is an intra-vaginal method of sperm administration, and frozen-thawed sperm requires transcervical intrauterine insemination under video endoscopic control.
dogs, males, females, sperm, artificial insemination, assisted reproductive technologies
1. Dyul`ger G.P., Dyul`ger P.G., Fiziologiya razmnozheniya i reproduktivnaya patologiya sobak: Uchebnoe posobie dlya vuzov [Physiology of reproduction and reproductive pathology of dogs: A textbook for universities], Saint Petersburg, Lan`, 2022, 236 p. ISBN 978-5-8114-9335-7. EDN CLFNZR. (In russ.).
2. Dyul`ger G.P., Dyul`ger P.G., Sedleczkaya E.S., Kolyadina N.I., Sovremenny`e metody` iskusstvennogo osemeneniya sobak [Modern methods of artificial insemination of dogs], Rossijskij veterinarny`j zhurnal, 2017, No. 8, pp. 34-38. EDN ZIGNKH. (In russ.).
3. Plemyashov K.V., Plaxova A.I., Metody` opredeleniya vremeni vyazki u sobak [Methods for determining the mating time in dogs], Mezhdunarodny`j vestnik veterinarii, 2018. No. 2, pp. 106-112. (In russ.).
4. Sorokoletova V.M., Shmidt Yu.D., Analiz primeneniya svezhej, oxlazhdennoj i kriokonservirovannoj spermy` i opy`t ispol`zovaniya nativnoj spermy` pri iskusstvennom osemenenii sobak (obzor inostrannoj literatury`) [Analysis of the use of fresh, chilled and cryopreserved sperm and the experience of using native sperm in artificial insemination of dogs (review of foreign literature)], Vestnik NGAU (Novosibirskij gosudarstvenny`j agrarny`j universitet), 2008, No. 1, pp. 66-68. (In russ.).
5. Andersen K., Insemination with frozen dog semen based on a new insemination technique, Reprod. Dom. Anim., 1975, Vol. 10, Iss.1, pp. 1-4.
6. Blendiger K., Techniques of artificial insemination by fresh, chilled and frozen semen, Proceeding of SCIVAC Congress, Rimini, Italy, 2007, pp. 87-89.
7. Bocci F., Di Salvo P., Zelli R., Polisca A., Ovarian ultrasonography and progesterone concentration during the pre-ovulatory period in bitches, Proceeding of 5th biannual EVSSAR congress. 7th-9th April 2006, Budapest, Hungary, p. 275.
8. Burgess D.M., Mitchell K.E., Thomas P.G.A., Coeliotomy-assisted intrauterine insemination in dogs: a study of 238 inseminations, Aust. Vet. J. Small Animals., 2012, Vol. 90, Iss. 8, pp. 283-290.
9. Concannon P.W., Canine Breeding Management and Artificial Insemination: Techniques and Caveats, Proceedings of the 29th World Congress of WSAVA, Rhodes, Greece, 8-9 Oct. 2004. online). Available from:
10. Cremonesi F., Salamon L., Groppetti D., Pecile A., Results of a single transcervical endoscopic insemination using frozen semen in the bitch, Vet. Res. Commun., 2005, Suppl 2, pp. 187-189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-005-0039-8.
11. Farstad W.K., Artificial insemination in dogs, BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Reproduction and Neonatology, Ed. G. England, A. von Heimendahl (2nd ed.), BSAVA, 2010, pp. 80-88.
12. Fontbonne A., In vivo ovulation, oocyte maturation and fertilization in the bitch. PhD Thesis, France, Paris University, Agro Paris Tech, 2008, 109 p.
13. Gaytán L., Rascón C.R., Angel-García O. et al., Factors influencing English Bulldog bitch fertility after surgical uterine deposition of fresh semen, Theriogenology, 2019, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.10.018.
14. Hayashi K., Morita R., Ono M, et al., Evaluation of transcervical insemination using frozen semen by flexible endoscope in dogs, J. Vet. Med. Sci., 2013, Vol. 75, No. 3, pp. 315-318.
15. Hollinshead F.K., Hanlon D.W., Factors affecting the reproductive performance of bitches: A prospective cohort study involving 1203 inseminations with fresh and frozen semen, Theriogenology, 2017, Vol. 101, pp. 62-72.
16. Linde-Forsberg C., Canine artificial insemination: State of the Art, Proceeding of 7th EVSSAR Congress, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 2010, pp. 22-26.
17. Macedo S.P., Malm C., Henry M.R. et al., Endoscopic transcervical intrauterine artificial insemination in Labrador Retriever bitches, Res. Vet. Sci., 2012, Vol. 92, No. 3, pp. 494-500.
18. Makloski C.L., Clinical techniques of artificial insemination in dogs, Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., 2012, Vol. 42, pp.439-444.
19. Mason S.J., A retrospective clinical study of endoscopic-assisted transcervical insemination in the bitch with frozen-thawed dog semen, Reprod. Domest. Anim., 2017, Vol. 52 (Suppl 2), pp. 275-280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12864.
20. Mason S.J., Rous N.R., Comparison of endoscopic-assisted transcervical and laparotomy insemination with frozen-thawed dog semen: A retrospective clinical study, Theriogenology, 2014, Vol. 82, pp. 844-850.
21. Mason S.J. Current Review of Artificial Insemination in Dogs, Vet. Clin. Small Anim., 2018, Vol.48(4), pp.567-580. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.02.005.
22. Niżański W., Comparisons of results of intravaginal and intrauterine insemination of bitches with frozen-thawed semen, Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, 2005. Available from: http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume8/issue4 art-12.html
23. Nizański W., Intravaginal insemination of bitches with fresh and frozen-thawed semen with addition of prostatic fluid: use of an infusion pipette and the Osiris catheter, Theriogenology, 2006, Vol. 66(2), pp.470-483. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.01.001.
24. Payan-Carreira R., Miranda S., Nizanski W., Artificial Insemination in Dogs, Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals, Ed. by Milad Manafi, The Author, 2011, pp.51-78.
25. Pinto C.R., Eilts B.E., Paccamonti D.L., The effect of reducing hindquarter elevation time after artificial insemination in bitches, Theriogenology, 1998, Vol.50, pp.301-305.
26. Pinto C.R., Paccamonti D.L., Eilts B.E., Fertility in bitches artificially inseminated with extended, chilled semen, Theriogenology, 1999, Vol. 52, pp. 609-616.
27. Pretzer S.D., Lillich R.K., Althouse G.C., Single, transcervical insemination using frozen-thawed semen in the Greyhound: a case series study, Theriogenology, 2006, Vol. 65, No. 6, pp. 1029-1036.
28. Quartuccio M., Biondi V., Liotta L., Passantino A., Legislative and ethical aspects on use of canine artificial insemination in the 21st century, Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 2020, Vol. 19(1), pp. 630-643. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2020.1775503.
29. Reckers F., Klopfleisch R., Belik V., Arlt S., Canine Vaginal Cytology: A Revised Definition of Exfoliated Vaginal Cells, Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2022. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.834031
30. Rota A., Iguer-Ouada M., Verstegen J., Linde-Forsberg C., Fertility after vaginal or uterine deposition of dog semen frozen in a tris extender with or without equex STM paste, Theriogenology, 1999, Vol. 51, pp. 1045-1058.
31. Shimatsu Y., Katagiri K., Rakawah H. et al., Fertilities from Mating and Artificial Insemination with Frozen-Thawed Spermatozoa by Indexing LH Surge in Beagle Bitches, J. Reprod. Dev., 2000, Vol.46(5), pp. 315-318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.46.315
32. Silva L.D.M, Onclin K., Lejeune B., Verstegen J.P., Comparisons of intravaginal and intrauterine insemination of bitches with fresh or frozen semen, Vet. Rec., 1996, Vol. 138(7), pp. 154-157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.138.7.154.
33. Silva L.D.M., Onclin K., Snaps F., Verstegen J.P., Laparoscopic intrauterine insemination in the bitch, Theriogenology, 1995, Vol. 43, pp. 615-623.
34. Thomassen R., Farstad W., Krogenæs A.et al., Artificial insemination with frozen semen in dogs: a retrospective study, J. Reprod. Fertil., 2001, Vol. 57, pp.341-346.
35. Thomassen R., Sanson G., Krogenæs A. et al., Artificial insemination with frozen semen in dogs: A retrospective study of 10 years using a non-surgical approach, Theriogenology, 2006, Vol. 66, Iss. 6-7, pp. 1645-1650.
36. Tsutsui T., Tezuka T., Shimizu T.et al., Artificial Insemination with Fresh Semen in Beagle Bitches, Japan. J. of Vet. Sci., 1988, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 193-198.
37. Tsutsui T., Shimizu T., Ohara N.et al., Relationship between the number of sperms and the rate of implantation in bitches inseminated into unilateral uterine horn, Nihon Juig. Zass., 1989, Vol. 51, pp.257-263.
38. Tsutsui T., Kawakami E., Murao I., Ogasa A., Transport of Spermatozoa in the Reproductive Tract of the Bitch: Observations Through Uterine Fistula, Japan. J. Vet. Sci., 1989, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 560-565.
39. Tsutsui T., Gamete physiology and timing of ovulation and fertilization in dogs, J. Reprod. Fertil., 1989, Vol.39 (Suppl), pp.269-275.
40. Verstegen J.P., Silva L.D., Onclin K., Determination of the role of cervical closure in fertility regulation after mating or artificial insemination in beagle bitches, J. Reprod. Fertil., 2001, Vol.57 (Suppl), pp 31-34.
41. Wilson M.S., Transcervical insemination techniques in the bitch, Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., 2001, Vol. 31(2), pp. 291-304. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(01)50206-5.
42. Wilson M.S., Non-surgical intrauterine artificial insemination in bitches using frozen semen, J. Reprod. Fertil., 1993, Vol. 47, pp. 307-311.
