LLC AG Aspect (Scientific consultant)
LLC «RDE «Astrapharm» (Scientific consultant)
Russian Federation
«Center of the veterinary aid» (Main veterinarian)
Russian Federation
LLC «AG «Aspect» (Veterinarian)
LLC «RDE «Astrapharm» (Leading veterinarian)
LLC «BioFeron» (Leading veterinarian)
employee
Russian Federation
employee
Russian Federation
LLC «RDE «Astrapharm» (Chief science specialist)
LLC «BioFeron» (Chief science specialist)
employee
Russian Federation
68.41
The results of the conducted study demonstrate the high efficacy and safety of the unique combined drug Trazapentin® (gabapentin and succinate trazodone) on the market for the control of feline idiopathic cystitis and prevention of its relapses. Analysis of clinical data showed that its use for 7 days led to a significant reduction in symptom severity. Improvement in the general condition of cats was accompanied by a decrease in pain lev-els, cessation of vocalization, absence of hematuria, normalization of the frequency and quality of litter box visits, satisfactory bladder emptying, restoration of appetite and social activity. This indicates the multimodal effect of the drug on the psychoneuroendocrine status of animals suf-fering from idiopathic cystitis. The use of Trazapentin® for 180 days provided a stable positive preventive effect. The number of feline idiopathic cystitis cases in the experimental group decreased by 7 times com-pared to group of placebo, confirming its ability to prevent idiopathic cystitis relapses. Moreover, cats re-ceiving the drug showed a 41% reduction in the average duration of relapse episodes, which is a significant indicator of improved animal quality of life.
Trazapentin®, gabapentin, succinate trazodone, trazodone, feline idiopathic cystitis
1. Beloglazov, D.V. Ocenka effektivnosti novogo preparata Ekspress Uspokoin® tabletki pri situacionnoy korrekcii povedencheskih problem u koshek / D.V. Beloglazov, S.V. Mukaseev, O.A. Zeynalov // Rossiyskiy veterinarnyy zhurnal. – 2023. – № 2. – S. 14-22. – DOIhttps://doi.org/10.32416/2500-4379-2023-2-14-22.
2. Beloglazov, D.V. Perenosimost' novogo lekarstvennogo preparata Kurs Uspokoin tabletki koshkami v usloviyah hronicheskogo opyta / D.V. Beloglazov, S.V. Mukaseev, O.A. Zeynalov // Rossiyskiy veterinarnyy zhurnal. ‒ 2025. ‒ № 1 ‒ S. 36-40. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.32416/2500-4379-2025-1-36-40.
3. Beloglazov, D.V. Trazodona sukcinat - novye vozmozhnosti farmakologicheskoy korrekcii situacionnyh povedencheskih otkloneniy u sobak i koshek / D.V. Beloglazov, S.V. Mukaseev, O.A. Zeynalov // Rossiyskiy veterinarnyy zhurnal. – 2021. – № 4. – S. 5-13. – DOIhttps://doi.org/10.32416/2500-4379-2021-4-5-13.
4. Elizarova, E.A. Ocenka effektivnosti novogo lekarstvennogo preparata Kurs Uspokoin tabletki dlya korrekcii vozrastnyh kognitivnyh narusheniy u koshek / E.A. Elizarova, D.V. Beloglazov, S.V. Mukaseev, O.A. Zeynalov // Rossiyskiy veterinarnyy zhurnal. – 2024. – № 3. – S. 27-33. – DOIhttps://doi.org/10.32416/2500-4379-2024-3-27-33.
5. Orobec, V.A. Toksikologicheskaya harakteristika novogo preparata dlya situacionnoy korrekcii povedencheskih otkloneniy u koshek i sobak Ekspress Uspokoin® tabletki / V.A. Orobec, D.V. Beloglazov, S.V. Mukaseev, O.A. Zeynalov // Rossiyskiy veterinarnyy zhurnal. ‒ 2023. ‒ № 1. ‒ S. 10-18.
6. Astuty, A.T.J.E. Detection of feline idiopathic cystitis as the cause of feline lower urinary tract disease in Sleman Regency, Indonesia / A.T.J.E. Astuty, I. Tjahajati, W.S. Nugroho // Vet World. ‒ 2020. ‒ No. 13(6). ‒ pp. 1108-1112. doihttps://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.1108-1112.
7. Birder, L.A. Urothelial signaling / L.A. Birder, K.E. Andersson // Physiol Rev. ‒ 2013. ‒ No. 93(2). ‒ pp. 653-680. doihttps://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00030.2012.
8. Birder, L.A. Pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis / Int J Urol. ‒ 2019. ‒ No. 26 Suppl 1. ‒ pp. 12-15. doihttps://doi.org/10.1111/iju.13985.
9. Buffington, C.A. Comorbidity of interstitial cystitis with other unexplained clinical conditions / C.A. Buffington // J Urol. ‒ 2004. No. 172 (4Pt1). ‒ pp. 1242-1248. doihttps://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000137953.49304.6c.
10. Buffington, C.A. Idiopathic cystitis in domestic cats--beyond the lower urinary tract / C.A. Buffington // J Vet Intern Med. ‒ 2011. ‒ No. 25(4). ‒ pp. 784-796. doihttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0732.x.
11. Buffington, C.A. Management of non-obstructive idiopathic/interstitial cystitis in cats / C.A. Buffington, D.J. Chew. In: Elliott J, Grauer GF. (eds). BSAVA manual of canine and feline nephrology and urology. 2nd ed. Quedgeley: British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 2007. ‒ pp 264-281.
12. Buffington, C.A. Clinical evaluation of multimodal environmental modification (MEMO) in the management of cats with idiopathic cystitis / C.A. Buffington, J.L Westropp., D.J. Chew, R.R. Bolus // J Feline Med Surg. ‒ 2006. ‒ No. 8(4). ‒ pp. 261-268. doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2006.02.002.
13. Chea, B. Trazodone: a review of its pharmacological properties and its off-label use in dogs and cats / B. Chea, M. Giorgi // Am J Anim Vet Sci. ‒ 2017. ‒ No. 12. ‒ pp. 188-194.
14. Chincholkar, M. Analgesic mechanisms of gabapentinoids and effects in experimental pain models: a narrative review / M. Chincholkar // Br J Anaesth. ‒ 2018. ‒ No. 120(6). ‒ pp. 1315-1334. doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.02.066.
15. Defauw, P.A. Risk factors and clinical presentation of cats with feline idiopathic cystitis / P.A. Defauw, I. Van de Maele, L. Duchateau, I.E. Polis, J.H. Saunders, S. Daminet // J Feline Med Surg. ‒ 2011. ‒ No. 13(12). ‒ pp. 967-975. doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2011.08.001.
16. Eggertsdóttir, A.V. Retrospective interview-based long-term follow-up study of cats diagnosed with idiopathic cystitis in 2003‒2009 / A.V. Eggertsdóttir, P.A. Defauw, S. Blankvandsbråten, P. Gretarsson, A.E. Olofsson, H.S. Lund // J Feline Med Surg. ‒ 2021. ‒ No. 23(10). ‒ pp. 945-951. doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X21990302.
17. Forrester, S.D. Feline idiopathic cystitis / S.D. Forrester, T.L. Towell // Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. ‒ 2015. ‒ No. 45(4). ‒ pp. 783-806. doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.02.007.
18. Freeman, L.M. Development and initial validation of the Cat HEalth and Wellbeing (CHEW) Questionnaire: a generic health-related quality of life instrument for cats / L.M. Freeman, C. Rodenberg, A. Narayanan, J. Olding, M.A. Gooding, P.E. Koochaki // J Feline Med Surg. ‒ 2016. ‒ No. 18(9). ‒ pp. 689-701. doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X16657386.
19. Garrone, B. Synergistic interaction between trazodone and gabapentin in rodent models of neuropathic pain / B. Garrone, A. di Matteo, A. Amato, et al. // PLoS One. ‒ 2021. ‒ No. 16(1). ‒ e0244649. Published 2021 Jan 4. doihttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244649.
20. Grundy, L. Mechanisms Underlying Overactive Bladder and Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome / L. Grundy, A. Caldwell, S.M. Brierley // Front Neurosci. ‒ 2018. ‒ No. 12. ‒ pp. 931. Published 2018 Dec 12. doihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00931.
21. Gugliandolo, E. Uroprotective and pain-relieving effect of dietary supplementation with micronized palmitoyl-glucosamine and hesperidin in a chronic model of cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis / E. Gugliandolo, G.A Franco., Y. Marino, et al. // Front Vet Sci. ‒ 2024. ‒ No. 10. ‒ pp. 1327102. doihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1327102.
22. Hatala, P. Molecular effects of intermittent stress on primary feline uroepithelial cell culture as an in vitro model of feline idiopathic cystitis / P. Hatala, C. Sebők, M. Mackei, et al. // Front Vet Sci. ‒ 2023. ‒ No. 10. ‒ pp. 1258375. doihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1258375.
23. He, C. Prevalence, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Potential Biomarkers and Management of Feline Idiopathic Cystitis: An Update Review / C. He, K. Fan, Z. Hao, N Tang., G. Li, S. Wang // Front Vet Sci. ‒ 2022. ‒ No. 9. ‒ pp. 900847. doihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.900847.
24. Jackson, K.A. Incidence of feline idiopathic cystitis and urethral obstruction during COVID-19 human movement restrictions in Queensland, Australia / K.A. Jackson, K.E. Collins, T.Y. Kim, R.E. Donaldson // J Feline Med Surg. ‒ 2023. ‒ No. 25(12). ‒ pp. 1098612X231214931. doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X231214931.
25. Jones, E. Feline Idiopathic Cystitis: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Comparative Potential / E. Jones, C. Palmieri, M. Thompson, K. Jackson, R. Allavena // J Comp Pathol. ‒ 2021. ‒ No. 185. ‒ pp. 18-29. doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.03.006.
26. Kaul, E. Recurrence rate and long-term course of cats with feline lower urinary tract disease / E. Kaul, K. Hartmann, S. Reese, R. Dorsch // J Feline Med Surg. ‒ 2020. ‒ No. 22(6). ‒ pp. 544-556. doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X19862887.
27. Kim, Y. Epidemiological study of feline idiopathic cystitis in Seoul, South Korea / Y. Kim, H. Kim, D. Pfeiffer, D. Brodbelt // J Feline Med Surg. ‒ 2018. ‒ No. 20(10). ‒ pp. 913-921. doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X17734067.
28. Krause, L.R. Survey of veterinarians in the USA to evaluate trends in the treatment approach for non-obstructive feline idiopathic cystitis / L.R. Krause, E. Li, M.L. Lilly, J. Byron, E. Cooper, J. Quimby // J Feline Med Surg. ‒ 2024. ‒ No. 26(8). ‒ pp. 1098612X241260716. doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X241260716.
29. Kruger, J.M. Changing paradigms of feline idiopathic cystitis / J.M. Kruger, C.A. Osborne, J.P. Lulich // Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. ‒ 2009. ‒ No. 39(1). ‒ pp. 15-40. doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.008.
30. Kullmann, F.A. Inflammation and Tissue Remodeling in the Bladder and Urethra in Feline Interstitial Cystitis [published correction appears in Front Syst Neurosci. 2018 Nov 08;12:58. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2018.00058.] / F.A. Kullmann, B.M. McDonnell, A.S. Wolf-Johnston, et al. // Front Syst Neurosci. ‒ 2018. ‒ No. 12. ‒ pp. 13. Published 2018 Apr 13. doihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2018.00013.
31. Lavelle, J.P. Urothelial pathophysiological changes in feline interstitial cystitis: a human model / J.P. Lavelle, S.A. Meyers, W.G. Ruiz, C.A. Buffington, M.L. Zeidel, G. Apodaca // Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. ‒ 2000. ‒ No. 278(4). ‒ F540-F553. doihttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.4.F540.
32. Lipone, P. Efficacy and Safety of Low Doses of Trazodone in Patients Affected by Painful Diabetic Neuropathy and Treated with Gabapentin: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study / P. Lipone, E Ehler., M. Nastaj, et al. // CNS Drugs. ‒ 2020. ‒ No. 34(11). ‒ pp. 1177-1189. doihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-020-00760-2.
33. Liu, V.W.C. Antidepressants for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain / V.W.C. Liu, L.W. Lam, H.F.K. Chiu // Hong Kong J Psychiatry. ‒ 2002. ‒ No. 12(4). ‒ pp. 23-27.
34. Lulich, J.P. What constitutes a diagnosis of feline idiopathic cystitis? / J.P. Lulich, C.A. Osborne, J. Kruger // Proc ACVIM Forum. ‒ 2010. ‒ No. 630-1. ‒ pp. 23444927.
35. Lund, H.S. Recurrent episodes of feline lower urinary tract disease with different causes: possible clinical implications / H.S. Lund, A.V. Eggertsdóttir // J Feline Med Surg. ‒ 2019. ‒ No. 21(6). ‒ pp. 590-594. doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X18783839.
36. Lund H.S., Risk factors for idiopathic cystitis in Norwegian cats: a matched case-control study / H.S. Lund, B.K. Sævik, Ø.W. Finstad, E.T. Grøntvedt, T. Vatne, A.V. Eggertsdóttir // J Feline Med Surg. ‒ 2016. ‒ No. 18(6). ‒ pp. 483-491. doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X15587955.
37. Naarden, B. The effect of a therapeutic urinary stress diet on the short-term recurrence of feline idiopathic cystitis / B. Naarden, R.J. Corbee // Vet Med Sci. ‒ 2020. ‒ No. 6(1). ‒ pp. 32-38. doihttps://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.197.
38. Oggianu, L. PK/PD analysis of trazodone and gabapentin in neuropathic pain rodent models: Translational PK-PD modeling from nonclinical to clinical development / L. Oggianu, B. Garrone, F. Fiorentini, et al. // Clin Transl Sci. ‒ 2023. ‒ No. 16(4). ‒ pp. 606-617. doihttps://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13472.
39. Okuda, K. Trazodone hydrochloride attenuates thermal hyperalgesia in a chronic constriction injury rat model / K. Okuda, T. Takanishi, K. Yoshimoto, S. Ueda // Eur J Anaesthesiol. ‒ 2003. ‒ No. 20(5). ‒ pp. 409-415. doihttps://doi.org/10.1017/s0265021503000632.
40. Piyarungsri, K. Prevalence and risk factors of feline lower urinary tract disease in Chiang Mai, Thailand / K. Piyarungsri, S. Tangtrongsup, N. Thitaram, P. Lekklar, A. Kittinuntasilp // Sci Rep. ‒ 2020. ‒ No. 10(1). ‒ pp. 196. Published 2020 Jan 13. doihttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56968-w.
41. Schommer, N.C. Dissociation between reactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system to repeated psychosocial stress / N.C. Schommer, D.H. Hellhammer, C. Kirschbaum // Psychosom Med. ‒ 2003. ‒ No. 65(3). ‒ pp. 450-460. doihttps://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000035721.12441.17.
42. Schreiber, S. The antinociceptive effect of trazodone in mice is mediated through both mu-opioid and serotonergic mechanisms / S. Schreiber, M.M. Backer, I. Herman, D. Shamir, T. Boniel, C.G. Pick // Behav Brain Res. ‒ 2000. ‒ No. 114(1-2). ‒ pp. 51-56. doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00185-6.
43. Sofyan, L.M. Are glucocorticoids or NSAIDs more effective in reducing idiopathic feline urinary tract disease signs than no treatment or placebo? / L.M. Sofyan // The Veterinary Evidence journal. ‒ 2021. ‒ Vol. 6. ‒ Is. 3. ‒ pp. 2-15.
44. Stahl, S.M. Mechanism of action of trazodone: a multifunctional drug / S.M. Stahl // CNS Spectr. ‒ 2009. ‒ No. 14(10). ‒ pp, 536-546. doihttps://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900024020.
45. Stella, J.L. Sickness behaviors in response to unusual external events in healthy cats and cats with feline interstitial cystitis / J.L. Stella, L.K. Lord, C.A. Buffington // J Am Vet Med Assoc. ‒ 2011. ‒ No. 238(1). ‒ pp. 67-73. doihttps://doi.org/10.2460/javma.238.1.67.
46. Taylor, S. 2025 iCatCare consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and management of lower urinary tract diseases in cats / S. Taylor, S. Boysen, T. Buffington, et al. // J Feline Med Surg. ‒ 2025. ‒ No. 27(2). ‒ pp. 1098612X241309176. doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X241309176.
47. Tucker, L.E. Evaluation of the sedative properties of oral trazodone, gabapentin or their combination in healthy cats / L.E. Tucker, A. Sanchez, A. Valverde, et al. // J Feline Med Surg. ‒ 2024. ‒ No. 26(10). ‒ pp. 1098612X241281481. doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X241281481.
48. Valeri, P. Antinociceptive effects of trazodone and m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) in mice: interaction with morphine / P. Valeri, G. Pimpinella, L.A. Morrone, L. Romanelli // Gen Pharmacol. ‒ 1991. ‒ No. 22(1). ‒ pp. 127-131. doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(91)90322-w.
49. Vasudevan, R. Alleviation of neuropathic pain by trazodone in rats / R. Vasudevan // Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. ‒ 2022. ‒ No. 58. ‒ e19256.
50. Westropp, J.L. Chronic Lower Urinary Tract Signs in Cats: Current Understanding of Pathophysiology and Management / J.L. Westropp, M. Delgado, C.A. Buffington // Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. ‒ 2019. ‒ No. 49(2). ‒ pp. 187-209. doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.11.001.
51. Westropp, J.L. Evaluation of the effects of stress in cats with idiopathic cystitis / J.L. Westropp, P.H. Kass, C.A. Buffington // Am J Vet Res. ‒ 2006. ‒ No. 67(4). ‒ pp. 731-736. doihttps://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.4.731.
52. Westropp, J.L. Interstitial cystitis-an imbalance of risk and protective factors? / J.L. Westropp, J.L. Stella, C.A. Buffington // Front Pain Res (Lausanne). ‒ 2024. ‒ No. 5. ‒ pp. 1405488. doihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2024.1405488.
53. Westropp, J.L. Feline idiopathic cystitis: current understanding of pathophysiology and management / J.L. Westropp, Buffington C.A. // Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. ‒ 2004. ‒ No. 34(4). ‒ pp. 1043-1055. doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.002.
54. Westropp, J.L. Small adrenal glands in cats with feline interstitial cystitis / J.L. Westropp, K.A. Welk, C.A. Buffington // J Urol. ‒ 2003. ‒ No. 170 (6Pt1). ‒ pp. 2494-2497. doihttps://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000095566.63870.66.
55. Wiffen, P.J. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults / P.J. Wiffen, S. Derry, R.F. Bell, et al. // Cochrane Database Syst Rev. ‒ 2017. ‒ No. 6(6). ‒ CD007938. Published 2017 Jun 9. doihttps://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007938.pub4.