employee
employee
68.41
Sensory systems of dolphins have been studied for a long time, but their visual system is extremely insufficiently described. In the clinical veterinary ophthalmology in cetaceans there are no protocols for tonometric examinations of the eyes of toothed whales, and the understanding of how to prevent eye diseases affecting dolphins under human care (or wild individuals undergoing rehabilitation) is extremely limited. The aim of the work is to consider the anatomical features of cetacean eyes, as well as to introduce tonometric data and fundus examination in dolphins into the practice of routine veterinary examinations, which in the future may provide preventive detection of ophthalmological pathologies. The fundus of four Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) kept in artificial conditions were examined using a portable and mobile fundus camera Optomed Smartscope PRO, and their intraocular pressure was measured using a veterinary tonometer TONOVET Plus. The obtained tonometric data ranged from 27±2 mm to 10±1 mm Hg.
cetaceans, dolphins, Pacific bottlenose dolphin, tonometry, intraocular pressure, fundus
1. Bel'kovich, V.M., Sensornye osnovy orientacii kitoobraznyh / V.M. Bel'kovich, N.A. Dubrovskiy. – L.: Nauka, 1976. – 204 s.
2. Yablokov, A.V. Zrenie i drugie organy chuvstv / A.V. Yablokov, V.M. Bel'kovich, V.I. Borisov. V kn. Kity i del'finy. – L.: Nauka, 1972. – S. 275-299.
3. Bjerager, P. Anatomy of the eye of the sperm whale (Physeter macroephalus L.) / P. Bjerager, S. Heengaard, J. Tougaard // Aquatic Mammals. ‒ 2003. ‒ No. 29. – pp. 31-36.
4. Colitz, C.M.H. Cetacean and pinniped ophthalmology / C.M.H. Colitz, J.E. Bailey, J.C. Mejia-Fava. In CRC handbook of marine mammal medicine. Dierauf L, Gulland FMD (eds). 3rd edn. – CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, 2018 – pp. 517-536.
5. Colitz, C.M.H. Preliminary intraocular pressure measurements from 4 cetacean species / C.M.H. Colitz, J. Mejia-Fava, M. Yamagata, P. Smolensky, M.S. Renner, L. Dalton, T. Schmitt, R. Sanchez, F.J. Orona // Proceedings of the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine. – 2012. – 43 p.
6. Colitz, C.M.H. Tear film analysis of Orcinus orca / C.M.H. Colitz, R.J. Sessler, K. Green-Church, M.S. Renner, M.M. Rodriguez, H.L. Chandler, K. Newkirk, K.K. Nichols, J.J. Nichols // Vet Ophthalmol. – 2007. – No. 10. ‒ pp. 411.
7. Colitz C.M.H. Characterization of anterior segment ophthalmologic lesions identified in free-ranging dolphins and those under human care / C.M.H. Colitz, M.T. Walsh, S.D. McCulloch // J Zoo Wildl Med. – 2016. – No. 47(1). – pp. 56-75.
8. Dawson, D.D. The cetacean eye / D.D. Dawson. In Cetacean behavior: mechanism and function. Harman L.M. (ed). ‒ New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1980. – pp. 53-100.
9. Dawson, W.W. Giant neural system in the inner retina and optic nerve of small whales / W.W. Dawson, M.N. Hawthorne, R.L. Jenkins, R.T. Goldston // J Comp Neurol. – 1982. ‒ No. 205. – pp. 1-7.
10. Dawson, W.W. Unusual Retinal Cells in the Dolphin Eye / W.W. Dawson, J.M. Perez // Science. – 1973. – No. 181(4101). – pp. 747-749.
11. Dral, A.D. Aquatic and aerial vision in the bottle-nosed dolphin / A.D. Dral // Netherlands J. Sea Res., 1972. – Vol. 5. ‒ No. 4. ‒ pp. 510-513.
12. Davis, R.K. Antimicrobial activity detected in ocular and salivary secretions from marine mammals / R.K. Davis, P. Argueso // Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. – 2015. – Vol. 56. – No. 7. – pp. 4163.
13. Fasick, J.I. Mechanism of Spectral Tuning in the Dolphin Visual Pigments / J.I. Fasick, P.R. Robinson // Biochem. – 1998. – No. 37(2). – pp. 433-438.
14. Hatfield, J.R. Structure and presumptive function of the iridocorneal angle of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), and African elephant (Loxodonta Africana) / J.R. Hatfield, D.A. Samuelson, P.A. Lewis, M. Chisholm // Vet Ophthalmol actions. – – 2003. – No. 6(1). – pp. 35-43.
15. Koutsos, E.A. Absorption and ocular deposition of dietary lutein in marine mammals / E.A. Koutsos, T. Schmitt, C.M.H. Colitz, L. Mazzaro // Zoo Biol. – 2013. – No. 32. ‒ pp. 316-323.
16. Kröger, R.H. Optics of the harbor porpoise eye in water / R.H. Kröger, K. Kirschfeld // J Opt Soc Am A. – 1993. – No. 10(7). ‒ pp. 1481-1489.
17. Lilly, J. Animals in aquatic environment: adaptation of mammals to the ocean // Handbook of physiology: adaptation to the environment / J. Lilly // J. Am Physiol Soc. ‒ 1964. – Vol. 1. – pp. 741-747.
18. Mass, A.M. Ganglion cell topography of the retina in the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus / A.M. Mass, A.Y. Supin // Brain Behav Evol. – 1995. – No. 45. ‒ pp. 257-265.
19. Miller, S. Anatomic features of the cetacean globe / S. Miller, D. Samuelson, R. Dubielzig // Vet Ophthalmol. – 2013. – No. 16(Suppl). ‒ pp. 52-63.
20. Newman, L.A. Cone visual pigments of aquatic mammals / L.A. Newman, P.R. Robinson // Vis Neurosci. – 2005. – No. 22(6). – pp. 873-879.
21. Peichl, L. For whales and seals the ocean is not blue: a visual pigment loss in marine mammals / L. Peichl, G. Behrmann, R.H. Kröger // Eur J Neurosci. – 2001. – No. 13(8). ‒ pp. 1520-1528.
22. Perez, J.M. Retinal anatomy of the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) / J.M. Perez, W.W. Dawson, D. Landau // Cetology. – 1972. – No. 11. ‒ pp. 1-11.
23. Rivamonte, A. Eye model to account for comparable aerial and underwater acuities of the bottlenose dolphin / A. Rivamonte // Neth J Sea Res. – 1976. – No. 10. ‒ pp. 491-498.
24. Supin, A.Y. Vision in aquatic mammals / A.Y. Supin, V.V. Popov, A.M. Mass. In The sensory physiology of aquatic mammals. ‒ Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. – 2001. – pp. 229-284.
25. Tarpley, R.L. Orbital gland structure and secretions in the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) / R.L. Tarpley, S.H. Ridgway // J Morphol. – 1991. – No. 207(2). ‒ pp. 173-184.
26. Thewissen, J.G.M. Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene epoch of India / J.G.M. Thewissen, L.N. Cooper, M.T. Clementz et al. // Nature. – 2007. – No. 450. ‒ pp. 1190-1194.
27. Waller, G.H. The significance of eyelid glands in delphinids / G.H. Waller, R.J. Harrison // Aquat Mammal. – 1978. – No. 6, ‒ pp. 1-9.
28. West, J.A. A comparative study of the anatomy of the iris and ciliary body in aquatic mammals / J.A. West, J.G. Sivak, C.J. Murphy, K.M. Kovacs // Can J Zool. – 1991. – No. 69. ‒ pp. 2594-2607.
29. Young, N.M. The ocular secretions of the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus / N.M. Young, W.W. Dawson // Marine Mammal Science. – 1992. – No. 8. ‒ pp. 57-68.
30. Young, N.M. The tapetum fibrosum in the eyes of two small whales / N.M. Young, G.M. Hope, W.W. Dawson // Mar Mamm Sci. – 1988. – No. 4. ‒ pp. 281-299.
